Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration (AMD)

In a study of twins regarding AMD it was found that 5.6% of the 12,126 twins surveyed had reported AMD. The director of the study, Johanna M. Seddon, MD, ScM, stated that family history and genetic factors play a large role. Modifiable factors also contribute. Smoking 25 cigarettes a day increases risk 2.4 times, and a past history of smoking increases it twofold. About 29% of AMD has been attributed to smoking. Overall and abdominal obesity increases risk, while healthy eating and exercise reduce it.